Column Base Plate – To distribute the load of column to the concrete pedestal uniformly Column Cap – To distribute the load of beam to the column safely.

Splicing is done in column due to following two purpose

1. The length of column is more than the available length of column section
2. In upper stories the load goes on decreasing and size of column can be reduced for upper stories.

Laced Column is used more than battened column due to

• More resistant towards eccentric Load
• More Economic

(Note: The strength of battened column is same with laced column)

In Toe to Toe Connection

Size of Tie Plate is small

Spacing is reduced so more lacing flat will be required.

In Back to Back Connection

Size of Tie Plate is large

Spacing is more, so less lacing flat will be required.

Overall economy will have to be worked out before choosing the two possibilities.

Spacing of channel helps to increase the MOI in that direction.

Compression members are more critical since they have to resist buckling. The imperfections of cross section dimensions, eccentricity of the load, lateral loads, residual stresses, punched holes, erection stresses are some of the other important factors which contribute to unwanted stresses making compression members more critical.

To decrease size of gusset plate

Used when connection length is limited.

The shear lag reduces the effectiveness of the component of the section which is not connected to the gusset plate. This results in a decrease in the strength of a tension member. Therefore, area of steel in outstanding leg should be as small as possible. This consequently, results in unequal angle section with long leg connected since this will be more efficient.

Yielding of Gross Section

Net Section Rupture

Block Shear Failure