• Periodically to evaluate the performance of building.
• To gather information on old building in order to ascertain the methods of repair or to demolish.
• To ascertain the strength of concrete if cube tests failed.

Methods of NDT Test in Masonry

1. Flat jack testing method
2. Impact echo testing method
3. Impulse radar testing method
4. Infrared thermography
5. Boroscope testing method

• Plinth Band – provided at plinth level
• Sill Band – provided at sill level
• Lintel Band – provided at lintel level
• Slab – provided at floor level
• Roof Band – provided at roof level
• Gable Band – Provided on gable
• Stitches – Provided at corners

For more details: https://gharpedia.com/blog/importance-of-rcc-bands-in-load-bearing-structure-masonry-building/

Lateral Load – In plane failure and out of plane failure

Compressive Load – Crushing failure of masonry

In plane failure – Lateral Load acting along the plane of masonry wall.

Out of plane failure – Lateral Load acting perpendicular to the plane of masonry wall.

Obviously, out of plane failure is dangerous.

Walls are relatively flexible in out-of-plane bending and offers relatively lower moment of resistance.

Remedies

1. Provide Bands at different levels (Plinth, Stitches, Sill, Lintel, Gable)
2. Construct Cross wall and buttress wall at suitable interval.

Wall need to be anchored to cross-walls properly by using dowels that will protect them against excessive out-of-plane bending.